Factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions among the students in the Baltic Sea region countries
Abstract
This research presents a comparison of the impact of personal and environmental factors on the entrepreneurial intention of students living in Baltic Sea region countries. Data on students’ intentions to start their own businesses was obtained from 10054 respondents studying in Estonia, Finland, Lithuania, Poland, and Sweden by implementing Global University Entrepreneurial Spirit Students’ Survey (GUESSS) in 2021. Data analysis was conducted using modified Krueger’s (2009) entrepreneurial intention model based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). Six hypotheses were tested using the data received from all respondents and the data of individual sub-samples broken down by gender, level of study, the field of study, and country of residence. A positive relationship with students’ entrepreneurial intentions was clarified and the selected hypotheses were proved by analysing all variables of all sub-samples, except for three in the case of Lithuania and two in the case of Sweden and Finland due to insufficient level of statistical significance.
Keyword : students, entrepreneurial intentions, social environment, Baltic Sea region, cross-countries comparison
How to Cite
Stabingis, L., & Raupelienė, A. (2023). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intentions among the students in the Baltic Sea region countries. Business: Theory and Practice, 24(1), 301–311. https://doi.org/10.3846/btp.2023.18948
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Anjum, T., Amoozegar, A., Nazar, N., & Kanwal, N. (2020). Intervening effect of attitudes towards entrepreneurship: Correlation between passion and entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5s), 1327–1340. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340504115_Intervening_Effect_of_Attitudes_towards_Entrepreneurship_Correlation_between_Passion_and_Entrepreneurial_Intention
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Bogatyreva, K., Shirokova, G., Wales, W. J., & Germain, R. (2022). Foreign motivation? Managerial international exposure and international regional involvement effects on firms’ entrepreneurial orientation. European Journal of International Management, 18(1), 52–75. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2022.123753
Brás, G. R. (2020). Determinants of entrepreneurship in Latvia and Baltic countries in general: An empirical approach. European Journal of International Management, 14(5), 817–841. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2020.109818
Cera, G., Mlouk, A., Cera, E., & Shumeli, A. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention. A quasi-experimental research design. Journal of Competitiveness, 12(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2020.01.03
Doanh, D. C., & Bernat, T. (2019). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention among Vietnamese students: A meta-analytic path analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. In The 23rd International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems. Procedia Computer Science, 159, 2447–2460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.420
Duong, C. D., Nguyen, H. X., Ngo, T. V. N., Nguyen, V. H., & Nguyen, T. P. L. (2020). The impact of individual and environmental characteristics on students’ entrepreneurial intention. Management Science Letters, 10, 599–608. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.9.020
Elfving, J., Brännback, M., & Carsrud, A. (2017). Motivations matter in entrepreneurial behavior: Depends on the context. In M. Brännback & A. L. Carsrud (Eds.), Revisiting the entrepreneurial mind (pp. 211–217). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45544-0_14
Emami, A., Klein, P. G., Ramadani, V. & Hisrich, R. D. (2021). The interplay between empathy, learning, and opportunity in the process of entrepreneurial value co-creation. European Journal of International Management, 16(3), 408–426. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2021.117518
Esfandiar, K., Sharifi-Tehranib, M., Prattc, S., & Altinay, L. (2019). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94, 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045
Fernandes, C. N., & Aurélio, D. (2020). Between domestic and international new ventures: The relevance of entrepreneurs’ and firms’ characteristics. European Journal of International Management, 14(1), 28–54. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2020.103796
Gamage, D. G. M. P. M., & Henegedara, R. H. G. W. P. K. (2019). The entrepreneurial intentions among the undergraduates involved in business administration and entrepreneurship courses in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 3(4), 1600–1605.
Guesss. (2021). Global Student Entrepreneurship 2021: Insights from 58 Countries. 2021 GUESSS Global Report. https://www.guesssurvey.org/publications/publications/international-reports.html
Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2008). The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0032-x
Gorgievski, M. J., Stephan, U., Laguna, M., & Moriano, J. A. (2017). Predicting entrepreneurial career intentions: Values and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(3), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717714541
Kanyan, A., Kasuma, J., Koh, J., Yacob, Y., & Banting, R. (2021). Relationship between informal and formal network towards entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate at public university. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 8(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.17687/jeb.v8i1.450
Kayed, H., Al-Madadha, A., & Abualbasal, A. (2022). The effect of entrepreneurial education and culture on entrepreneurial intention. Organizacija, 55(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.2478/orga-2022-0002
Kennedy, J., Drennan, J., Renfrow, P., & Watson, B. (2003). Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions. In The 16th Annual Conference of the Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand (pp. 1–12). ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43464881_Situational_Factors_and_Entrepreneurial_Intentions
Krueger, N. (2009). Entrepreneurial intentions are dead: Long live entrepreneurial intentions. In A. Carsrud & M. Brännback (Eds.), International Studies in Entrepreneurship. Understanding the entrepreneurial mind (Vol. 24, pp. 51–72). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0443-0_4
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Liñán, F., Nabi, G., & Krueger, N. F. (2013). British and Spanish entrepreneurial intentions: A comparative study. Revista de Economía Mundial / Journal of World Economics, 33, 73–103. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235937865_British_and_Spanish_entrepreneurial_intentions_A_comparative_study
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Liu, Y. (2021). Institutionalisation of family business and its regulative, normative, and cognitive pillars: embedded in traditional culture. European Journal of International Management, 16(2), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2021.117114
Maes, J., Leroy, H., & Sels, L. (2014). Gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions: A TPB multi-group analysis at factor and indicator level. European Management Journal, 32(5), 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2014.01.001
Mbuya, J.-M., & Schachtebeck, C. (2016). Student entrepreneurial intention at an urban university in South Africa. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Southern African Institute of Management Scientists, 28, 384–397. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307607189_STUDENT_ENTREPRENEURIAL_INTENTION_AT_AN_URBAN_UNIVERSITY_IN_SOUTH_AFRICA
Miralles, F., Giones, F., & Gozun, B. (2017). Does direct experience matter? Examining the consequences of current entrepreneurial behavior on entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13, 881–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0430-7
Miranda, F. J., Chamorro-Mera, A., & Rubio, S. (2017). Academic entrepreneurship in Spanish university: An analysis of determinants of entrepreneurial intention. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(2), 113–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2017.01.001
Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2011). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481
Mustafa, M. J., Hernandez, E., Mahon, C., & Chee, L. K. (2016). Entrepreneurial intentions of university students in an emerging economy. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 8(2), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-10-2015-0058
Mwita, K. M. (2019). Determinants of self-employment intentions among students in Tanzania higher learning institutions. Asian Journal of Managerial Science, 8(3), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2019.8.3.1627
Ouazzani, K. E., González-Pernía, J. L., Jung, A. & Peña-Legazkue, I. (2021). Gender, family, and cultural perspectives on venture growth aspirations. European Journal of International Management, 16(2), 332–357. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2021.117116
Põder, A., Lemsalu, K., Nurmet, M., & Lehtsaar, J. (2019). Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship competencies and entrepreneurial activities of alumni: A comparison between the engineering and other graduates of Estonian University of Life Sciences. Research, 17(6), 2399–2416. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.19.218
Prodan, I., & Drnovsek, M. (2010). Conceptualizing academic-entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical test. Technovation, 30(5), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.02.002
Remeikiene, R., Startiene, G., & Dumciuviene, D. (2013). Explaining entrepreneurial intention of university students: The role of entrepreneurial education. In Active Citizenship by Knowledge Management & Innovation: International Conference 2013 (pp. 299–307). https://www.toknowpress.net/ISBN/978-961-6914-02-4/papers/ML13-258.pdf
Sedziniauskiene, R., & Sekliuckiene, J. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation and new venture performance: The moderating role of network types. European Journal of International Management, 14(5), 842–865. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2020.109821
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.). The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 72–90). Englewood Cliffs.
Shepherd, D. A., Souitaris, V., & Gruber, M. (2020). Creating new ventures: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 47(1), 11–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319900537
Sitepu, E. S., & Azhar (2019). Entrepreneurial intention of university student in Medan City with Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach. Proceeding International Seminar on Islamic Studies, 1(1), 498–509. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341508169_Entrepreneurial_Intention_of_University_Student_In_Medan_City_with_Structural_Equation_Model_SEM_Approach
Tsai, K.-H., Chang, H.-C., & Peng, C.-Y. (2016). Refining the linkage between perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention: Roles of perceived opportunity, fear of failure, and gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12, 1127–1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0383-x
Tsai, K.-H., Chang, H.-C., & Peng, C.-Y. (2014). Extending the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention: A moderated mediation model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12, 445–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0351-2
Urbano, D., Aparicio, S., & Audretsch, D. (2018). Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: What has been learned? Small Business Economics, 53, 21–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0038-0
Venesaar, U., Kolbre, E., & Piliste, T. (2006). Students’ attitudes and intentions toward entrepreneurship at Tallinn university of technology. TUTWPE, 154, 97–114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24137730_Students%27_Attitudes_and_Intentions_toward_Entrepreneurship_at_Tallinn_University_of_Technology
Zdolsek Draksler, T., & Sirec, K. (2021). The study of entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial competencies of business vs non-business students. Journal of Competitiveness, 13(2), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2021.02.10
Ali, M. S. Y., & Abou, E. A. E. (2020). Determinants of entrepreneurial intention among Sudanese university students. Management Science Letters, 10, 2849–2860. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2020.4.023
Anjum, T., Amoozegar, A., Nazar, N., & Kanwal, N. (2020). Intervening effect of attitudes towards entrepreneurship: Correlation between passion and entrepreneurial intention. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5s), 1327–1340. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/340504115_Intervening_Effect_of_Attitudes_towards_Entrepreneurship_Correlation_between_Passion_and_Entrepreneurial_Intention
Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology, 25(5), 729–735. https://doi.org/10.1037/0012-1649.25.5.729
Baum, J. R., Locke, E. A., & Smith, K. G. (2017). A multidimensional model of venture growth. Academy of Management Journal, 44(2), 292–303. https://doi.org/10.5465/3069456
Bogatyreva, K., Shirokova, G., Wales, W. J., & Germain, R. (2022). Foreign motivation? Managerial international exposure and international regional involvement effects on firms’ entrepreneurial orientation. European Journal of International Management, 18(1), 52–75. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2022.123753
Brás, G. R. (2020). Determinants of entrepreneurship in Latvia and Baltic countries in general: An empirical approach. European Journal of International Management, 14(5), 817–841. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2020.109818
Cera, G., Mlouk, A., Cera, E., & Shumeli, A. (2020). The impact of entrepreneurship education on entrepreneurial intention. A quasi-experimental research design. Journal of Competitiveness, 12(1), 39–56. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2020.01.03
Doanh, D. C., & Bernat, T. (2019). Entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention among Vietnamese students: A meta-analytic path analysis based on the theory of planned behavior. In The 23rd International Conference on Knowledge-Based and Intelligent Information & Engineering Systems. Procedia Computer Science, 159, 2447–2460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.420
Duong, C. D., Nguyen, H. X., Ngo, T. V. N., Nguyen, V. H., & Nguyen, T. P. L. (2020). The impact of individual and environmental characteristics on students’ entrepreneurial intention. Management Science Letters, 10, 599–608. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.9.020
Elfving, J., Brännback, M., & Carsrud, A. (2017). Motivations matter in entrepreneurial behavior: Depends on the context. In M. Brännback & A. L. Carsrud (Eds.), Revisiting the entrepreneurial mind (pp. 211–217). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-45544-0_14
Emami, A., Klein, P. G., Ramadani, V. & Hisrich, R. D. (2021). The interplay between empathy, learning, and opportunity in the process of entrepreneurial value co-creation. European Journal of International Management, 16(3), 408–426. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2021.117518
Esfandiar, K., Sharifi-Tehranib, M., Prattc, S., & Altinay, L. (2019). Understanding entrepreneurial intentions: A developed integrated structural model approach. Journal of Business Research, 94, 172–182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2017.10.045
Fernandes, C. N., & Aurélio, D. (2020). Between domestic and international new ventures: The relevance of entrepreneurs’ and firms’ characteristics. European Journal of International Management, 14(1), 28–54. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2020.103796
Gamage, D. G. M. P. M., & Henegedara, R. H. G. W. P. K. (2019). The entrepreneurial intentions among the undergraduates involved in business administration and entrepreneurship courses in Sri Lanka. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development, 3(4), 1600–1605.
Guesss. (2021). Global Student Entrepreneurship 2021: Insights from 58 Countries. 2021 GUESSS Global Report. https://www.guesssurvey.org/publications/publications/international-reports.html
Guerrero, M., Rialp, J., & Urbano, D. (2008). The impact of desirability and feasibility on entrepreneurial intentions: A structural equation model. The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 4(1), 35–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0032-x
Gorgievski, M. J., Stephan, U., Laguna, M., & Moriano, J. A. (2017). Predicting entrepreneurial career intentions: Values and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Career Assessment, 26(3), 457–475. https://doi.org/10.1177/1069072717714541
Kanyan, A., Kasuma, J., Koh, J., Yacob, Y., & Banting, R. (2021). Relationship between informal and formal network towards entrepreneurial intention among undergraduate at public university. Journal of Entrepreneurship and Business, 8(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.17687/jeb.v8i1.450
Kayed, H., Al-Madadha, A., & Abualbasal, A. (2022). The effect of entrepreneurial education and culture on entrepreneurial intention. Organizacija, 55(1), 18–34. https://doi.org/10.2478/orga-2022-0002
Kennedy, J., Drennan, J., Renfrow, P., & Watson, B. (2003). Situational factors and entrepreneurial intentions. In The 16th Annual Conference of the Small Enterprise Association of Australia and New Zealand (pp. 1–12). ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43464881_Situational_Factors_and_Entrepreneurial_Intentions
Krueger, N. (2009). Entrepreneurial intentions are dead: Long live entrepreneurial intentions. In A. Carsrud & M. Brännback (Eds.), International Studies in Entrepreneurship. Understanding the entrepreneurial mind (Vol. 24, pp. 51–72). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-0443-0_4
Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(5–6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
Liñán, F., Nabi, G., & Krueger, N. F. (2013). British and Spanish entrepreneurial intentions: A comparative study. Revista de Economía Mundial / Journal of World Economics, 33, 73–103. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/235937865_British_and_Spanish_entrepreneurial_intentions_A_comparative_study
Liñán, F., & Chen, Y.-W. (2009). Development and cross-cultural application of a specific instrument to measure entrepreneurial intentions. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 33(3), 593–617. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6520.2009.00318.x
Liu, Y. (2021). Institutionalisation of family business and its regulative, normative, and cognitive pillars: embedded in traditional culture. European Journal of International Management, 16(2), 190–206. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2021.117114
Maes, J., Leroy, H., & Sels, L. (2014). Gender differences in entrepreneurial intentions: A TPB multi-group analysis at factor and indicator level. European Management Journal, 32(5), 784–794. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2014.01.001
Mbuya, J.-M., & Schachtebeck, C. (2016). Student entrepreneurial intention at an urban university in South Africa. In Proceedings of the 28th Annual Conference of the Southern African Institute of Management Scientists, 28, 384–397. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307607189_STUDENT_ENTREPRENEURIAL_INTENTION_AT_AN_URBAN_UNIVERSITY_IN_SOUTH_AFRICA
Miralles, F., Giones, F., & Gozun, B. (2017). Does direct experience matter? Examining the consequences of current entrepreneurial behavior on entrepreneurial intention. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 13, 881–903. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0430-7
Miranda, F. J., Chamorro-Mera, A., & Rubio, S. (2017). Academic entrepreneurship in Spanish university: An analysis of determinants of entrepreneurial intention. European Research on Management and Business Economics, 23(2), 113–222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iedeen.2017.01.001
Moriano, J. A., Gorgievski, M., Laguna, M., Stephan, U., & Zarafshani, K. (2011). A cross-cultural approach to understanding entrepreneurial intention. Journal of Career Development, 39(2), 162–185. https://doi.org/10.1177/0894845310384481
Mustafa, M. J., Hernandez, E., Mahon, C., & Chee, L. K. (2016). Entrepreneurial intentions of university students in an emerging economy. Journal of Entrepreneurship in Emerging Economies, 8(2), 162–179. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEEE-10-2015-0058
Mwita, K. M. (2019). Determinants of self-employment intentions among students in Tanzania higher learning institutions. Asian Journal of Managerial Science, 8(3), 7–14. https://doi.org/10.51983/ajms-2019.8.3.1627
Ouazzani, K. E., González-Pernía, J. L., Jung, A. & Peña-Legazkue, I. (2021). Gender, family, and cultural perspectives on venture growth aspirations. European Journal of International Management, 16(2), 332–357. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2021.117116
Põder, A., Lemsalu, K., Nurmet, M., & Lehtsaar, J. (2019). Entrepreneurship education, entrepreneurship competencies and entrepreneurial activities of alumni: A comparison between the engineering and other graduates of Estonian University of Life Sciences. Research, 17(6), 2399–2416. https://doi.org/10.15159/AR.19.218
Prodan, I., & Drnovsek, M. (2010). Conceptualizing academic-entrepreneurial intentions: An empirical test. Technovation, 30(5), 332–347. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.technovation.2010.02.002
Remeikiene, R., Startiene, G., & Dumciuviene, D. (2013). Explaining entrepreneurial intention of university students: The role of entrepreneurial education. In Active Citizenship by Knowledge Management & Innovation: International Conference 2013 (pp. 299–307). https://www.toknowpress.net/ISBN/978-961-6914-02-4/papers/ML13-258.pdf
Sedziniauskiene, R., & Sekliuckiene, J. (2020). Entrepreneurial orientation and new venture performance: The moderating role of network types. European Journal of International Management, 14(5), 842–865. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2020.109821
Shapero, A., & Sokol, L. (1982). The social dimensions of entrepreneurship. In C. Kent, D. Sexton, & K. H. Vesper (Eds.). The encyclopedia of entrepreneurship (pp. 72–90). Englewood Cliffs.
Shepherd, D. A., Souitaris, V., & Gruber, M. (2020). Creating new ventures: A review and research agenda. Journal of Management, 47(1), 11–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206319900537
Sitepu, E. S., & Azhar (2019). Entrepreneurial intention of university student in Medan City with Structural Equation Model (SEM) approach. Proceeding International Seminar on Islamic Studies, 1(1), 498–509. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341508169_Entrepreneurial_Intention_of_University_Student_In_Medan_City_with_Structural_Equation_Model_SEM_Approach
Tsai, K.-H., Chang, H.-C., & Peng, C.-Y. (2016). Refining the linkage between perceived capability and entrepreneurial intention: Roles of perceived opportunity, fear of failure, and gender. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12, 1127–1145. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-016-0383-x
Tsai, K.-H., Chang, H.-C., & Peng, C.-Y. (2014). Extending the link between entrepreneurial self-efficacy and intention: A moderated mediation model. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 12, 445–463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-014-0351-2
Urbano, D., Aparicio, S., & Audretsch, D. (2018). Twenty-five years of research on institutions, entrepreneurship, and economic growth: What has been learned? Small Business Economics, 53, 21–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-018-0038-0
Venesaar, U., Kolbre, E., & Piliste, T. (2006). Students’ attitudes and intentions toward entrepreneurship at Tallinn university of technology. TUTWPE, 154, 97–114. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24137730_Students%27_Attitudes_and_Intentions_toward_Entrepreneurship_at_Tallinn_University_of_Technology
Zdolsek Draksler, T., & Sirec, K. (2021). The study of entrepreneurial intentions and entrepreneurial competencies of business vs non-business students. Journal of Competitiveness, 13(2), 171–188. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2021.02.10