Landing gear failures connected with high-pressure hoses and analysis of trends in aircraft technical problems
Abstract
Reliability and maintenance analysis in aviation industry focused on a main objective of the accident and incident investigations what are help to better understand the causes of accidents. In the article suggested the underlying concept by scorecard of situations what lead to aviation accidents. In the present research, the aviation accident connected with a landing gear and a problem of failure to follow maintenance instructions during a maintenance on aircraft landing gear hydraulic drive was under an investigation, on an example of root cause analysis of the failure of hydraulic flexible highpressure hoses. The approach presented in this research of experimental measurements, based on fluid pressure measuring, high-pressure hoses vibration measuring and frequency’s analysis. By spectrum analyses was found that high-pressure hoses are most susceptible to deformation at frequencies to the response of the fluid within, as well as at hoses material resonance frequencies. The compact version of hoses is more deformational on the resonance points than a standard version of hose. In final according to analyses, was established that disrespect of the frequency conditions was leaded to causes irreversible degradation changes of the hose inner structure and occurrence of material defects inside layers contact what lead in final step to hose failure.
Keyword : aircraft, landing gear, hydraulic drive, high-pressure hose, failure, maintenance, risk scorecard, non-destructive diagnostics
How to Cite
Karpenko, M. (2022). Landing gear failures connected with high-pressure hoses and analysis of trends in aircraft technical problems. Aviation, 26(3), 145–152. https://doi.org/10.3846/aviation.2022.17751
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
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Japan Transport Safety Board. (2019). Aircraft serious incident investigation report. Case equivalent to continued loss of thrust of engines in flight. https://www.mlit.go.jp/jtsb/eng-air_report/VHVKJ.pdf
Japan Transport Safety Board. (2020). Aircraft Serious Incident Investigation Report. Runway over running privately owned Piper PA-46-350p, JA121C – report. https://www.mlit.go.jp/jtsb/eng-air_report/JA121C.pdf
Karpenko, M., & Bogdevičius, M. (2020). Investigation into the hydrodynamic processes of fitting connections for determining pressure losses of transport hydraulic drive. Transport, 35(1), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12335
Karpenko, M. (2021). Investigation of energy efficiency of mobile machinery hydraulic drives [Doctoral dissertation, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]. VGTU Repository. https://doi.org/10.20334/2021-028-M
Karpenko, M., Prentkovskis, O., & Šukevičius, Š. (2022). Research on high-pressure hose with repairing fitting and influence on energy parameter of the hydraulic drive. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 24(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2022.1.4
Kubrak, M., Malesińska, A., Kodura, A., Urbanowicz, K., & Stosiak, M. (2021). Hydraulic transients in viscoelastic pipeline system with sudden cross-section changes. Energies, 14(14), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144071
Latorella, K., & Prabhu, P. (2000). A review of human error in aviation maintenance and inspection. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26(2), 133–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141(99)00063-3
Leveson, N. (2004). A new accident model for engineering safer systems. Safety Science, 42(4), 237–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X
Lubecki, M., Stosiak, M., Bocian, M., & Urbanowicz, K. (2021). Analysis of selected dynamic properties of the composite hydraulic microhose. Engineering Failure Analysis, 125, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105431
Luczko, J., & Czerwinski, A. (2014). Parametric vibrations of pipes induced by pulsating flows in hydraulic systems. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 52(3), 719–730.
Mankari, K., & Acharyya, S. (2018). Failure analysis of AISI 321 stainless steel welded pipes in solar thermal power plants. Engineering Failure Analysis, 86, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.12.020
Marais, K., & Robichaud, M. (2012). Analysis of trends in aviation maintenance risk: An empirical approach. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 106, 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2012.06.003
Masiulionis, T., & Stankūnas, J. (2018). Review of equipment of flight analysis and development of interactive aeronautical chart using Google Earth’s software. Transport, 33(2), 580–588. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2017.1312521
Matuszczak, M., Żbikowski, M., & Teodorczyk, A. (2021). Predictive modelling of turbofan engine components condition using machine and deep learning methods. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 23(2), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2021.2.16
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Rezaei, H., Ryan, B., & Stoianov, I. (2015). Pipe failure analysis and impact of dynamic hydraulic conditions in water supply networks. Procedia Engineering, 119, 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.883
Saleh, J., Marais, K., Bakolas, E., & Cowlagi, R. (2010). Highlights from the literature on accident causation and system safety: Review of major ideas, recent contributions, and challenges. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 95(11), 1105–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2010.07.004
Shappell, S., Detwiler, C., Holcomb, K., Hackworth, C., Boquet, A., & Wiegmann, D. (2017). Human error and commercial aviation accidents: An analysis using the human factors analysis and classification system. In R. K. Dismukes, Human error in aviation (1st ed., pp. 73–88). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315092898
Τawancy, Η., & Al-Hadhrami, L. (2009). Failure analysis of a welded outlet manifold pipe in a primary steam reformer by improper selection of materials. Engineering Failure Analysis, 16(3), 816–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.07.001
Ułanowicz, L., Jastrzębski, G., & Szczepaniak, P. (2020). Method for estimating the durability of aviation hydraulic drives. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 22(3), 557–564. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2020.3.19
Urbanowicz, K., Bergant, A., Kodura, A., Kubrak, M., Malesińska, A., Bury, P., & Stosiak, M. (2021). Modeling transient pipe flow in plastic pipes with modified discrete bubble cavitation model. Energies, 14(20), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206756
Zhang, X., & Mahadevan, S. (2019). Ensemble machine learning models for aviation incident risk prediction. Decision Support Systems, 116, 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2018.10.009
Zimmermann, N., & Mendoca, F. (2021). The impact of human factors and maintenance documentation on aviation safety. Collegiate Aviation Review International, 39(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.22.100230
Bazargan, M., & Guzhva, V. (2007). Factors contributing to fatalities in general aviation accidents. World Review of Intermodal Transportation Research, 1(2), 170–82. https://doi.org/10.1504/WRITR.2007.013949
Bazargan, M., & Guzhva, V. (2011). Impact of gender, age and experience of pilots on general aviation accidents. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 43(3), 962–970. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2010.11.023
Bogdevičius, M., Karpenko, M., & Bogdevičius, P. (2021). Determination of rheological model coefficients of pipeline composite material layers based on spectrum analysis and optimization. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 59(2), 265–278. https://doi.org/10.15632/jtam-pl/134802
Boyd, D. (2015). Causes and risk factors for fatal accidents in non-commercial twin engine piston general aviation aircraft. Accident Analysis & Prevention, 77, 113–119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aap.2015.01.021
Boyd, D. (2017). A review of general aviation safety (1984–2017). Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance, 88(7), 657–64. https://doi.org/10.3357/AMHP.4862.2017
Che, H., Zeng, S., You, Q., Song, Y., & Guo, J. (2021). A fault tree-based approach for aviation risk analysis considering mental workload overload. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 23(4), 646–658. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2021.4.7
Civil Aviation Authority. (2015). CAP 1367 – Aircraft maintenance incident analysis. https://publicapps.caa.co.uk/docs/33/CAP%201367%20template%20w%20charts.pdf
Drumond, G., Pasqualino, I., & Ferreira da Costa, M. (2016). Study of an alternative material to manufacture layered hydraulic hoses. Polymer Testing, 53, 29–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2016.05.003
European Union Aviation Safety Agency. (2019). Annual safety review 2019. https://www.easa.europa.eu/sites/default/files/dfu/Annual%20Safety%20Review%202019.pdf
Edjeou, W., Pluvinage, G., Capelle, J., & Azari, Z. (2018). Effect of pressure and defects on the pipe flattening factor. Engineering Failure Analysis, 94, 469–479. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2018.08.017
Fedorko, G., Molnar, V., Dovicab, M., Tothb, T., & Fabianova, J. (2015). Failure analysis of irreversible changes in the construction of the damaged rubber hoses. Engineering Failure Analysis, 58(1), 31–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2015.08.042
Firoozabad, E., Jeon, B., Choi, H., & Kim, N. (2016). Failure criterion for steel pipe elbows under cyclic loading. Engineering Failure Analysis, 66, 515–525. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2016.05.012
Fultz, A., & Ashley, W. (2016). Fatal weather-related general aviation accidents in the United States. Physical Geography, 37(5), 291–312. https://doi.org/10.1080/02723646.2016.1211854
Gao, P., Zhai, J., Yan, Y., Han, Q., Qu, F., & Chen, X. (2016). A model reduction approach for the vibration analysis of hydraulic pipeline system in aircraft. Aerospace Science and Technology, 49, 144–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ast.2015.12.002
Gates Corporation. (2009). A guide to preventive maintenance & safety for hydraulic hose & couplings. Printed in Denver, USA by Tomkins Company. http://www.marshall-equipement.com/Library/SafeHydraulics.pdf
Grabowski, J., Curriero, F., Baker, S., & Li, G. (2002). Exploratory spatial analysis of pilot fatality rates in general aviation crashes using geographic information systems. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155(5), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/155.5.398
Green, W. (1985). Aircraft hydraulic systems: An introduction to the analysis of systems and components (1st ed.). Wiley.
International Air Transport Association. (2017). Safety report 2017. https://aviation-safety.net/airlinesafety/industry/reports/IATA-safety-report-2017.pdf
iTeh Standards. (2015a). Rubber hoses and hose assemblies – wire braid reinforced hydraulic type – specification (EN 853 2SN:2015). https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/4b4bc74d-40ac-4f6f-b956-342fd045e933/en-853-2015
iTeh standards. (2015b). Rubber hoses and hose assemblies – wire braid reinforced hydraulic type – specification (EN 857 2SC:2015). https://standards.iteh.ai/catalog/standards/cen/fbf6cea3-88ae-415c-b684-78cc9b2cd72f/en-857-2015
Insua, D., Alfaro, C., Gomez, J., Hernandez-Coronado, P., & Bernal, F. (2019). Forecasting and assessing consequences of aviation safety occurrences. Safety Science, 111, 243–252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2018.07.018
Japan Transport Safety Board. (2019). Aircraft serious incident investigation report. Case equivalent to continued loss of thrust of engines in flight. https://www.mlit.go.jp/jtsb/eng-air_report/VHVKJ.pdf
Japan Transport Safety Board. (2020). Aircraft Serious Incident Investigation Report. Runway over running privately owned Piper PA-46-350p, JA121C – report. https://www.mlit.go.jp/jtsb/eng-air_report/JA121C.pdf
Karpenko, M., & Bogdevičius, M. (2020). Investigation into the hydrodynamic processes of fitting connections for determining pressure losses of transport hydraulic drive. Transport, 35(1), 108–120. https://doi.org/10.3846/transport.2020.12335
Karpenko, M. (2021). Investigation of energy efficiency of mobile machinery hydraulic drives [Doctoral dissertation, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University]. VGTU Repository. https://doi.org/10.20334/2021-028-M
Karpenko, M., Prentkovskis, O., & Šukevičius, Š. (2022). Research on high-pressure hose with repairing fitting and influence on energy parameter of the hydraulic drive. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 24(1), 25–32. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2022.1.4
Kubrak, M., Malesińska, A., Kodura, A., Urbanowicz, K., & Stosiak, M. (2021). Hydraulic transients in viscoelastic pipeline system with sudden cross-section changes. Energies, 14(14), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144071
Latorella, K., & Prabhu, P. (2000). A review of human error in aviation maintenance and inspection. International Journal of Industrial Ergonomics, 26(2), 133–161. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8141(99)00063-3
Leveson, N. (2004). A new accident model for engineering safer systems. Safety Science, 42(4), 237–270. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0925-7535(03)00047-X
Lubecki, M., Stosiak, M., Bocian, M., & Urbanowicz, K. (2021). Analysis of selected dynamic properties of the composite hydraulic microhose. Engineering Failure Analysis, 125, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2021.105431
Luczko, J., & Czerwinski, A. (2014). Parametric vibrations of pipes induced by pulsating flows in hydraulic systems. Journal of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, 52(3), 719–730.
Mankari, K., & Acharyya, S. (2018). Failure analysis of AISI 321 stainless steel welded pipes in solar thermal power plants. Engineering Failure Analysis, 86, 33–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2017.12.020
Marais, K., & Robichaud, M. (2012). Analysis of trends in aviation maintenance risk: An empirical approach. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 106, 104–118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2012.06.003
Masiulionis, T., & Stankūnas, J. (2018). Review of equipment of flight analysis and development of interactive aeronautical chart using Google Earth’s software. Transport, 33(2), 580–588. https://doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2017.1312521
Matuszczak, M., Żbikowski, M., & Teodorczyk, A. (2021). Predictive modelling of turbofan engine components condition using machine and deep learning methods. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 23(2), 359–370. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2021.2.16
National Transportation Safety Board. (2006). National Transportation Safety Board. National transportation safety board aviation accident final report (NTSB Accident Number CHI07LA043). https://www.accidents.app/summaries/accident/20061222X01843
Rao, A., & Marais, K. (2018). High risk occurrence chains in helicopter accidents. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 170, 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2017.10.014
Rao, A., & Marais, K. (2020). A state-based approach to modeling general aviation accidents. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 193, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2019.106670
Rezaei, H., Ryan, B., & Stoianov, I. (2015). Pipe failure analysis and impact of dynamic hydraulic conditions in water supply networks. Procedia Engineering, 119, 253–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2015.08.883
Saleh, J., Marais, K., Bakolas, E., & Cowlagi, R. (2010). Highlights from the literature on accident causation and system safety: Review of major ideas, recent contributions, and challenges. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, 95(11), 1105–1116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ress.2010.07.004
Shappell, S., Detwiler, C., Holcomb, K., Hackworth, C., Boquet, A., & Wiegmann, D. (2017). Human error and commercial aviation accidents: An analysis using the human factors analysis and classification system. In R. K. Dismukes, Human error in aviation (1st ed., pp. 73–88). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315092898
Τawancy, Η., & Al-Hadhrami, L. (2009). Failure analysis of a welded outlet manifold pipe in a primary steam reformer by improper selection of materials. Engineering Failure Analysis, 16(3), 816–824. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engfailanal.2008.07.001
Ułanowicz, L., Jastrzębski, G., & Szczepaniak, P. (2020). Method for estimating the durability of aviation hydraulic drives. Eksploatacja i Niezawodnosc – Maintenance and Reliability, 22(3), 557–564. https://doi.org/10.17531/ein.2020.3.19
Urbanowicz, K., Bergant, A., Kodura, A., Kubrak, M., Malesińska, A., Bury, P., & Stosiak, M. (2021). Modeling transient pipe flow in plastic pipes with modified discrete bubble cavitation model. Energies, 14(20), 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14206756
Zhang, X., & Mahadevan, S. (2019). Ensemble machine learning models for aviation incident risk prediction. Decision Support Systems, 116, 48–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dss.2018.10.009
Zimmermann, N., & Mendoca, F. (2021). The impact of human factors and maintenance documentation on aviation safety. Collegiate Aviation Review International, 39(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.22488/okstate.22.100230